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1.
Subj. procesos cogn ; 26(2): 30-57, nov. 28, 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1401876

RESUMO

La batería de Autorregulación Cognitiva -TAC-es una herramienta informatizada para la evaluación de los principales procesos ejecutivos en una modalidad de administración presencial. Aunque sus características técnicas hacen viable su administración en una modalidad remota y asincrónica aún no cuenta con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de sus puntuaciones en una modalidad de administración no presencial. Por ello, este estudio propone obtener evidencias de las propiedades psicométricas de la Tarea de los Dedos -TAC-en su modalidad de administración remota y asincrónica para la evaluación de la Inhibición comportamental y la flexibilidad cognitiva en personas adultas. Para cumplir con este objetivo, se analizó la presencia de dos efectos experimentales que aportan validez de constructo y se comparó su desempeño en las dos modalidades de administración. Finalmente, se analizó la confiabilidad de las puntuaciones a través del método de división por mitades. Los resultados obtenidos aportan evidencia empírica de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento(AU)


The cognitive self-regulation battery -TAC-is a computerized tool designed to evaluate the work memory, three inhibitory processes and cognitive flexibility. There is still no evidence of validity and reliability of their scores in remote administration mode. The goal of this work is to obtain evidence of reliability and validity for the tac fingers task in remote and asynchronous administration mode for cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition evaluation in the adult population. It was analyzed iftwo experimental effects were detected. Its presence indicates the activation or participation of cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition in the resolution of activities proposed by the task. Also, the performance of the participants in both modalities was compared. The internal consistency was analyzed through the method of division by halves. The results obtained provide empirical evidence of psychometric properties of TAC fingers task for evaluation of cognitive flexibility and behavioral inhibition in the adult population(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Consulta Remota , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Regulação Emocional , Psicologia Cognitiva , Inibição Psicológica
2.
PLoS One ; 17(2): e0263669, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35139122

RESUMO

It has previously been shown that readers spend a great deal of time skim reading on the Web and that this type of reading can affect comprehension of text. Across two experiments, we examine how hyperlinks influence perceived importance of sentences and how perceived importance in turn affects reading behaviour. In Experiment 1, participants rated the importance of sentences across passages of Wikipedia text. In Experiment 2, a different set of participants read these passages while their eye movements were tracked, with the task being either reading for comprehension or skim reading. Reading times of sentences were analysed in relation to the type of task and the importance ratings from Experiment 1. Results from Experiment 1 show readers rated sentences without hyperlinks as being of less importance than sentences that did feature hyperlinks, and this effect is larger when sentences are lower on the page. It was also found that short sentences with more links were rated as more important, but only when they were presented at the top of the page. Long sentences with more links were rated as more important regardless of their position on the page. In Experiment 2, higher importance scores resulted in longer sentence reading times, measured as fixation durations. When skim reading, however, importance ratings had a lesser impact on online reading behaviour than when reading for comprehension. We suggest readers are less able to establish the importance of a sentence when skim reading, even though importance could have been assessed by information that would be fairly easy to extract (i.e. presence of hyperlinks, length of sentences, and position on the screen).


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Gráficos por Computador , Internet , Percepção/fisiologia , Leitura , Adolescente , Adulto , Atenção/fisiologia , Controle Comportamental/ética , Compreensão/fisiologia , Gráficos por Computador/ética , Gráficos por Computador/normas , Aprendizagem por Discriminação/fisiologia , Movimentos Oculares/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Internet/ética , Internet/organização & administração , Julgamento/fisiologia , Masculino , Comunicação Persuasiva , Estimulação Luminosa/métodos , Adulto Jovem
3.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci ; 76(Suppl 2): S191-S205, 2021 09 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34515775

RESUMO

Healthy aging requires people to adopt and maintain beneficial behaviors in all stages of the life span. Supporting behavior change, including via the motivation to make and maintain those changes, is therefore important for the promotion of healthy aging. The aim of this overview is to introduce theoretical frameworks from the psychology of motivation that lend themselves to the development of effective interventions promoting behavior change conducive to healthy aging. We discuss theoretical frameworks referring to the determinants, properties, and functionality of goals aimed at behavior change, and consider the implications of the various theories for designing interventions to support healthy aging. We first consider theories that focus on beliefs and attitudes as determinants of goals, then we address theories that focus on the structure and content as important properties of goals, and, finally, we examine theories drawing on conscious and nonconscious processes underlying the functionality of these goals. We will present if-then planning and mental contrasting, as well as nudging and boosting, that is, novel strategies of behavior change that support the creation of scalable interventions for healthy aging across the life span. Against this background, new perspectives emerge for modern, state-of-the-art, and individually tailored interventions with the aim of enhancing older people's healthy living.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Controle Comportamental , Cultura , Envelhecimento Saudável , Motivação , Idoso , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Controle Comportamental/psicologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/tendências , Envelhecimento Saudável/fisiologia , Envelhecimento Saudável/psicologia , Humanos , Teoria Psicológica , Psicologia do Desenvolvimento , Intervenção Psicossocial
4.
Am J Med ; 134(11): 1424-1426, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34339676

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A decrease in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination rates has led some states to consider various incentives to boost demand for vaccines. On May 13, 2021, Ohio announced a free weekly lottery for individuals who received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccination. This study seeks to rigorously quantify the impact of Ohio's vaccination lottery. METHODS: A synthetic control consisting of a weighted combination of other states was used to approximate the demographic characteristics, new cases, and vaccination rates in Ohio prior to the lottery announcement. The difference in vaccination rates in Ohio and the synthetic control following the lottery announcement was then used to estimate the lottery's impact. RESULTS: Prior to the lottery announcement, Ohio and synthetic Ohio had similar demographic characteristics and new case rates. Ohio and synthetic Ohio also had identical first vaccination rates. By the final lottery enrollment date of June 20, the percentage of the population with first vaccinations increased to 47.41% in Ohio and 46.43% in synthetic Ohio for a difference of 0.98% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-1.54). CONCLUSION: An additional 114,553 Ohioans received vaccinations as a result of the Vax-a-Million program (95% CI 49,094-180,012) at a cost of approximately $49 per Ohioan vaccinated (95% CI $31-$114). However, a majority of Ohioans remained unvaccinated by the end of the lottery, indicating that additional efforts are needed to address barriers to vaccination. This synthetic control approach may also be useful to evaluate other COVID-19 incentive programs.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , COVID-19 , Programas de Imunização , Vacinação em Massa , Motivação , Cobertura Vacinal , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Imunização/métodos , Programas de Imunização/organização & administração , Programas de Imunização/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Vacinação em Massa/psicologia , Vacinação em Massa/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ohio/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Cobertura Vacinal/métodos , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , Recusa de Vacinação/psicologia
5.
PLoS One ; 16(6): e0252648, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34170919

RESUMO

Patient safety is an important healthcare issue worldwide, and patient accidents in the operating room can lead to serious problems. Accordingly, we investigated the explanatory ability of a modified theory of planned behavior to improve patient safety activities in the operating room. Questionnaires were distributed to perioperative nurses working in 12 large hospitals in Korea. The modified theory of planned behavior data from a total of 330 nurses were analyzed. The conceptual model was based on the theory of planned behavior data, with two additional organizational factors-job factors and safety management system. Individual factors included attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and patient safety management activities. Results indicated that job factors were negatively associated with perceived behavioral control. The patient safety management system was positively associated with attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were positively associated with behavioral intention. Behavioral intention was positively associated with patient safety management activities. The modified theory of planned behavior effectively explained patient safety management activities in the operating room. Both organizations and individuals are required to improve patient safety management activities.


Assuntos
Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem no Hospital/estatística & dados numéricos , Salas Cirúrgicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Segurança do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Gestão da Segurança/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Atitude , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Controle Comportamental/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Intenção , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Salas Cirúrgicas/normas , Segurança do Paciente/normas , Período Perioperatório , Gestão da Segurança/métodos , Gestão da Segurança/organização & administração
7.
BMJ ; 373: n1022, 2021 05 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34006604

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether opt out framing, messaging incorporating behavioral science concepts, or electronic communication increases the uptake of hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening in patients born between 1945 and 1965. DESIGN: Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. SETTING: 43 primary care practices from one academic health system (Philadelphia, PA, USA) between April 2019 and May 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Patients born between 1945 and 1965 with no history of screening and at least two primary care visits in the two years before the enrollment period. INTERVENTIONS: This multilevel trial was divided into two studies. Substudy A included 1656 eligible patients of 17 primary care clinicians who were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a mailed letter about HCV screening (letter only), or a similar letter with a laboratory order for HCV screening (letter+order). Substudy B included the remaining 19 837 eligible patients followed by 417 clinicians. Active electronic patient portal users were randomized 1:5 to receive a mailed letter about HCV screening (letter), or an electronic patient portal message with similar content (patient portal); inactive patient portal users were mailed a letter. In a factorial design, patients in substudy B were also randomized 1:1 to receive standard content (usual care), or content based on principles of social norming, anticipated regret, reciprocity, and commitment (behavioral content). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of patients who completed HCV testing within four months. RESULTS: 21 303 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Among the 1642 patients in substudy A, 19.2% (95% confidence interval 16.5% to 21.9%) completed screening in the letter only arm and 43.1% (39.7% to 46.4%) in the letter+order arm (P<0.001). Among the 19 661 patients in substudy B, 14.6% (13.9% to 15.3%) completed screening with usual care content and 13.6% (13.0% to 14.3%) with behavioral science content (P=0.06). Among active patient portal users, 17.8% (16.0% to 19.5%) completed screening after receiving a letter and 13.8% (13.1% to 14.5%) after receiving a patient portal message (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Opt out framing and effort reduction by including a signed laboratory order with outreach increased screening for HCV. Behavioral science messaging content did not increase uptake, and mailed letters achieved a greater response rate than patient portal messages. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03712553.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Relações Comunidade-Instituição , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Idoso , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Portais do Paciente , Pennsylvania , Serviços Postais , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Resultado do Tratamento
8.
Evol Psychol ; 19(1): 14747049211000714, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33752457

RESUMO

It is puzzling why countries do not all implement stringent behavioral control measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 even though preventive behaviors have been proven to be the only effective means to stop the pandemic. We provide a novel evolutionary life history explanation whereby pathogenic and parasitic prevalence represents intrinsic rather than extrinsic mortality risk that drives slower life history strategies and the related disease control motivation in all animals but especially humans. Our theory was tested and supported based on publicly available data involving over 150 countries. Countries having a higher historical prevalence of infectious diseases are found to adopt slower life history strategies that are related to prompter COVID-19 containment actions by the government and greater compliance by the population. Findings could afford governments novel insight into the design of more effective COVID-19 strategies that are based on enhancing a sense of control, vigilance, and compliance in the general population.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental , COVID-19 , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções , Traços de História de Vida , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Controle Comportamental/legislação & jurisprudência , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Controle Comportamental/psicologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/psicologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/tendências , Comportamento Cooperativo , Saúde Global , Regulamentação Governamental , Humanos , Infecções/epidemiologia , Infecções/psicologia , Infecções/transmissão , Prevalência , SARS-CoV-2 , Evolução Social
9.
Nurs Health Sci ; 23(2): 325-336, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33605053

RESUMO

With an imperative to reduce or eliminate the use of coercive practices in mental health care it is important to understand the experience of service users and staff. This review aimed to synthesize qualitative studies, published between 1996 and 2020, reporting on mental health service users' and staff's experiences of chemical restraint. The databases PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. Three analytic themes were identified from 17 included articles, synthesizing the experiences of service users and staff. These were "Unjustified versusjustified," "Violence versus necessity," and "Reflecting back: Positives and negatives." Service users viewed chemical restraint as an unjustified response to "behaviors of concern" and experienced it as a violent act with negative outcomes, although some saw it as necessary in retrospect and preferred it to other forms of coercion. Staff generally viewed it as a justified response to "behaviors of concern" and experienced it as appropriate within the constraints of staff numbers and limited alternatives. These findings identify nuances not apparent in the literature, which has generally conflated all forms of coercive practices.


Assuntos
Coerção , Serviços de Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Tranquilizantes/uso terapêutico , Violência/prevenção & controle , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Humanos , Saúde Mental , Restrição Física
10.
Behav Pharmacol ; 32(4): 295-307, 2021 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33595952

RESUMO

Pubertal male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) treated with anabolic/androgenic steroids (AASs) during adolescence (P27-P56) display a highly intense aggressive phenotype that shares many behavioral similarities with pathological aggression in youth. Anticonvulsant drugs like valproate that enhance the activity of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neural system in the brain have recently gained acceptance as a primary treatment for pathological aggression. This study examined whether valproate would selectively suppress adolescent AAS-induced aggressive behavior and whether GABA neural signaling through GABAA subtype receptors in the latero-anterior hypothalamus (LAH; an area of convergence for developmental and neuroplastic changes that underlie aggression in hamsters) modulate the aggression-suppressing effect of this anticonvulsant medication. Valproate (1.0-10.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) selectively suppressed the aggressive phenotype in a dose-dependent fashion, with the effective anti-aggressive effects beginning at 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Microinfusion of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (7.0-700 ng) into the LAH reversed valproate's suppression of AAS-induced aggression in a dose-dependent fashion. At the 70 ng dose of bicuculline, animals expressed the highly aggressive baseline phenotype normally observed in AAS-treated animals. These studies provide preclinical evidence that the anticonvulsant valproate selectively suppresses adolescent, AAS-induced aggression and that this suppression is modulated, in part, by GABA neural signaling within the LAH.


Assuntos
Agressão , Androgênios , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Antagonistas GABAérgicos/farmacologia , Hipotálamo , Congêneres da Testosterona , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Adolescente , Agressão/efeitos dos fármacos , Agressão/fisiologia , Agressão/psicologia , Androgênios/metabolismo , Androgênios/farmacologia , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Mesocricetus , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Congêneres da Testosterona/metabolismo , Congêneres da Testosterona/farmacologia
11.
J Foot Ankle Res ; 14(1): 1, 2021 Jan 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33407755

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Diabetes related foot complications are increasing in complexity, frequency and cost. The application of self-management strategies can reduce the risk of individuals developing foot complications. The type, range and nature of the literature focusing on interventions that support patients with diabetic foot self-management is unknown. This scoping review aimed to i) identify self-management actions and risky behaviour avoidance strategies within interventions, ii) map the theoretical functions through which these behaviour change interventions have an effect, iii) display gaps in the research. METHODOLOGY: Arksey and Malley's (2003) 5 stage framework was followed to conduct the scoping study. This methodological framework was selected because it was developed specifically for scoping reviews and therefore offered clear methodological distinction from systematic review methodology. . Databases were searched from inception of the project until June 2020 supplemented by hand searching of reference lists. In total 988 papers were identified. These were independently screened by three reviewers, identifying 19 eligible papers. Data extraction and charting of data was independently conducted by three reviewers to identify study characteristics, self-management actions and risky behaviours. Data was charted against the COM-B (capability, opportunity, motivation, behaviour) model of behaviour to determine intervention function. RESULTS: In total 25 different foot self-management actions and risk behaviours were classified into three themes; routine self-management, trauma avoidance and warning signs and actions. Inspect feet daily received the most attention. The majority of interventions focused on knowledge and skills, but overlooked taking action and decision making. Intervention mapping identified four primary intervention functions (education, persuasion, training and enablement) used to address deficits in capability, opportunity and motivation that positively improved foot self-management behaviour. No studies targeted first ulcer prevention, and most either did not measure or improve foot health outcomes. CONCLUSION: This review charted the evidence for interventions promoting diabetic foot self-management through a theoretical behaviour change perspective. A core set of behaviour change activities and intervention functions associated with positive changes in behaviour were identified. This information will provide researchers with a useful basis for developing self-management interventions.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus/terapia , Pé Diabético/prevenção & controle , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Autogestão/métodos , Controle Comportamental/psicologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Diabetes Mellitus/psicologia , Pé Diabético/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Assunção de Riscos , Autogestão/psicologia
12.
Minerva Pediatr (Torino) ; 73(3): 272-280, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32241103

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Since its diffusion in the 1990s, the Internet has developed into a fully integrated component of the lives of teenagers across the globe. As use of the Internet by underage youth has evolved and increased over the past decades, concerns about how technology may contribute to minors becoming victims of online sex crimes, including online grooming, have heightened. The present literature review contributes to the existing knowledge base regarding the epidemiology of the online grooming process, exploring key themes and issues arising in this area. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a review of the current literature by an initial database research of papers published since 1990. Three independent reviewers selected relevant articles, initially based on title and abstract analysis, then by full text in order to make a final determination. After the final selection, a total of 37 articles were reviewed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The articles reviewed report highly heterogenous results with regards to epidemiological data, estimating a prevalence of the online grooming phenomenon between 9% and 19%. Factors influencing minors' risk of online grooming included increasing age, gender, sexual minority orientation, diagnosis of mental disease, conflictual relationships with parents and risk-taking behaviors (e.g. chat room and social networking site use). CONCLUSIONS: Although the true prevalence of online grooming is not available, it is a significant issue among minors. Thus, it is important to educate youth on responsible internet use, starting at the earliest age and continuing during adolescence.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Abuso Sexual na Infância , Internet , Redes Sociais Online , Comunicação Persuasiva , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores Sexuais , Comportamento Sexual
13.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2201: 221-229, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32975803

RESUMO

Opioid addiction in humans is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by discontinuous periods of drug use and abstinence resulting in dependence. With time, the probability of falling into renewed drug consumption becomes particularly high and constitutes a considerable problem in the management of opioid addicts. Opioid addiction represents an important health concern and animal models have been crucial in understanding the neurobiology and pathophysiology of this complex disease. Although animal models of addiction do not fully reproduce the human condition, they do permit investigation of specific elements of the process as well as identification of potential therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step description of the morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP) model that represents a useful preclinical animal model extensively used to study the rewarding/aversive effect of drugs.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/fisiopatologia , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Animais , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Morfina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Wistar , Recompensa
14.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2201: 231-245, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32975804

RESUMO

The inability to maintain drug abstinence is often referred to as relapse and consists of a process by which an abstaining individual slips back into old behavioral patterns and substance use. Animal models of relapse have been developed over the last decades and significantly contributed to shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying vulnerability to relapse. The most common procedure to study drug-seeking and relapse-like behavior in animals is the "extinction-reinstatement model." Originally elaborated by Pavlov and Skinner, the concepts of reinforced operant responding were applied to addiction research not before 1971 (Stretch et al., Can J Physiol Pharmacol 49:581-589, 1971), and the first report of a reinstatement animal model as it is now used worldwide was published only 10 years later (De Wit and Stewart, Psychopharmacology 75:134-143, 1981). According to the proposed model, opioids are typically self-administered intravenously, as humans do, and although rodents are most often employed in these studies, a variety of species including nonhuman primates, dogs, cats, and pigeons can be used. Several operant responses are available, depending on the species studied. For example, a lever press or a nose poke response typically is used for rodents, whereas a panel press response typically is used for nonhuman primates. In this chapter we describe a simple and easily reproducible protocol of heroin-seeking reinstatement in rats, which proved useful to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying relapse to heroin and vulnerability factors enhancing the resumption of heroin-seeking behavior.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento de Procura de Droga/fisiologia , Administração Intravenosa/métodos , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Animais , Comportamento Aditivo/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Comportamento de Procura de Droga/efeitos dos fármacos , Heroína/farmacologia , Infusões Intravenosas/métodos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ratos Wistar , Reforço Psicológico , Recompensa , Autoadministração/métodos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/fisiopatologia
15.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract ; 24(1): 1-16, 2021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33189245

RESUMO

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a relevant field for veterinarians helping clients whose animals engage in problem behaviors. In ABA, learning is defined as behavior change due to changes in the environment. Changing behavior then requires changes in conditions. Understanding the importance of control and the difference between emotional behavior and emotional feelings also is informed by ABA. Every behavior intervention should start with a systematic, analytical process called a functional assessment. Behavior change strategies are described, including an ethical procedural hierarchy based on the least intrusive, effective behavior change solution.


Assuntos
Análise do Comportamento Aplicada/métodos , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Comportamento Animal , Aprendizagem , Animais , Humanos
16.
Child Abuse Negl ; 111: 104825, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33250278

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Restraint and seclusion (R&S) are controversial methods of intervention aimed at protecting children from immediate harm in residential treatment centers (RTC). Previous studies have mainly focused on situational factors and youth characteristics to predict its use. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the role other potential predictors could play in the decision to use R&S, namely characteristics of residential workers and their perceived team climate. METHODS: For two months, a total of 132 residential workers from different RTC in the greater Montreal area completed weekly diaries of standardized questionnaires. Using an explanatory sequential design (i.e., mixed methods), this study aimed at exploring the role of residential workers' characteristics (e.g., exposure to client aggression, stress and fatigue) and aspects of their perceived team climate (e.g., order and organization, communication and openness) as predictors of R&S use. Survey results were later also presented to four focus groups for discussion. RESULTS: Results indicated that exposure to verbal violence from youths was associated with the increased use of R&S. Meanwhile, perceived communication and openness were associated with lower rates of R&S use. Participants shared that repeated exposure to verbal violence diminished their level of tolerance while teamwork provided them with the emotional space needed to focus on the needs of youths and find alternatives to R&S. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the complex role of human emotions in the decision to use of R&S. Specifically, intense momentary emotions during crisis interventions had a greater influence on the use R&S than chronic states, such as fatigue.


Assuntos
Agressão , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Isolamento de Pacientes , Tratamento Domiciliar/organização & administração , Restrição Física , Local de Trabalho/psicologia , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Registros Médicos , Estresse Ocupacional , Quebeque/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
17.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 117(50): 31748-31753, 2020 12 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33262281

RESUMO

How to mitigate the dramatic increase in the number of self-inflicted deaths from suicide, alcohol-related liver disease, and drug overdose among young adults has become a critical public health question. A promising area of study looks at interventions designed to address risk factors for the behaviors that precede these -often denoted-"deaths of despair." This paper examines whether a childhood intervention can have persistent positive effects by reducing adolescent and young adulthood (age 25) behaviors that precede these deaths, including suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, hazardous drinking, and opioid use. These analyses test the impact and mechanisms of action of Fast Track (FT), a comprehensive childhood intervention designed to decrease aggression and delinquency in at-risk kindergarteners. We find that random assignment to FT significantly decreases the probability of exhibiting any behavior of despair in adolescence and young adulthood. In addition, the intervention decreases the probability of suicidal ideation and hazardous drinking in adolescence and young adulthood as well as opioid use in young adulthood. Additional analyses indicate that FT's improvements to children's interpersonal (e.g., prosocial behavior, authority acceptance), intrapersonal (e.g., emotional recognition and regulation, social problem solving), and academic skills in elementary and middle school partially mediate the intervention effect on adolescent and young adult behaviors of despair and self-destruction. FT's improvements to interpersonal skills emerge as the strongest indirect pathway to reduce these harmful behaviors. This study provides evidence that childhood interventions designed to improve these skills can decrease the behaviors associated with premature mortality.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/prevenção & controle , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Mortalidade Prematura/tendências , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/mortalidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool/psicologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Controle Comportamental/psicologia , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Overdose de Drogas/mortalidade , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Overdose de Drogas/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/mortalidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Prevalência , Resolução de Problemas , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/psicologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
18.
Dev Cogn Neurosci ; 46: 100872, 2020 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33142133

RESUMO

In 5 of the 6 large Dutch developmental cohorts investigated here, lower SES adolescents are underrepresented and higher SES adolescents overrepresented. With former studies clearly revealing differences between SES strata in adolescent social competence and behavioral control, this misrepresentation may contribute to an overestimation of normative adolescent competence. Using a raking procedure, we used national census statistics to weigh the cohorts to be more representative of the Dutch population. Contrary to our expectations, in all cohorts, little to no differences between SES strata were found in the two outcomes. Accordingly, no differences between weighted and unweighted mean scores were observed across all cohorts. Furthermore, no clear change in correlations between social competence and behavioral control was found. These findings are most probably explained by the fact that measures of SES in the samples were quite limited, and the low SES participants in the cohorts could not be considered as representative of the low SES groups in the general population. Developmental outcomes associated with SES may be affected by a raking procedure in other cohorts that have a sufficient number and sufficient variation of low SES adolescents.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Viés de Seleção , Habilidades Sociais , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Classe Social
19.
Genes (Basel) ; 11(11)2020 11 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33171840

RESUMO

DNA methylation plays several roles in regulating neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and physiological functions. The major de novo methyltransferase, DNMT3, controls the DNA methylation pattern in neurons according to environmental stimulations and behavioral regulations. Previous studies demonstrated that knockout of Dnmt3 induced mouse anxiety; however, controversial results showed that activation of Dnmt3 causes anxiolytic behavior. Thus, an alternative animal model to clarify Dnmt3 on modulating behavior is crucial. Therefore, we aimed to establish a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model to clarify the function of dnmt3 on fish behavior by behavioral endpoint analyses. We evaluated the behaviors of the wild type, dnmt3aa, and dnmt3ab knockout (KO) fish by the novel tank, mirror biting, predator avoidance, social interaction, shoaling, circadian rhythm locomotor activity, color preference, and short-term memory tests. The results indicated that the dnmt3aa KO fish possessed abnormal exploratory behaviors and less fear response to the predator. On the other hand, dnmt3ab KO fish displayed less aggression, fear response to the predator, and interests to interact with their conspecifics, loosen shoaling formation, and dysregulated color preference index ranking. Furthermore, both knockout fishes showed higher locomotion activity during the night cycle, which is a sign of anxiety. However, changes in some neurotransmitter levels were observed in the mutant fishes. Lastly, whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing demonstrates a potential network of Dnmt3a proteins that is responsive to behavioral alterations. To sum up, the results suggested that the dnmt3aa KO or dnmt3ab KO fish display anxiety symptoms, which supported the idea that Dnmt3 modulates the function involved in emotional control, social interaction, and cognition.


Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Animais , Ansiedade/genética , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , DNA/metabolismo , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA/genética , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/genética , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Neurotransmissores , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética
20.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth ; 20(1): 634, 2020 Oct 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33076859

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although male involvement enhances obstetric care-seeking behavior, the practice of male involvement in developing countries remains unacceptably low. Male involvement in maternal services utilization can be influenced by the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control of their female partners. Little is known about factors influencing pregnant women's attitudes, perceived subjective norms, and perceived behavior control towards male involvement in maternal services utilization. METHODS: A baseline community-based cross-sectional study whose target was pregnant women were performed from 1st June until 30th October 2017. A three-stage probability sampling technique was employed to obtain a sample of 546 pregnant women. A structured questionnaire that hinged the Theory of Planned Behavior was used. The questionnaire explored three main determinants of male involvement, which were: attitudes towards male involvement, perceived subjective norms towards male involvement, and perceived behavior control towards male involvement. RESULTS: After adjusting for the confounders, factors influencing positive attitude towards male involvement were age at marriage [19 to 24 yrs.,(AOR = 1.568 at 95% CI =1.044-2.353), more than 24 yrs. (AOR = 2.15 at 95% CI = 1.150-1.159)]; education status [primary school (AOR = 1.713 at 95% CI = 1.137-2.58)] and economic status [earning more than one dollar per day (AOR = 1.547 at 95% CI = 1.026-2.332)]. Factors influencing perceived subjective norms was only age at marriage [19 to 24 yrs., (AOR = 1.447 at 95% CI = 0.970-2.159), more than 24 years, (AOR = 2.331 at 95% CI = 1.261-4.308)]; factors influencing perceived behavior control were age at marriage [more than 24 years (AOR = 2.331 at 95%CI = 1.261-4.308)], and the intention to be accompanied by their male partners (AOR = 1.827 at 95%CI = 1.171-2.849). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that women who were married at an older age were more likely to have a positive attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control towards male involvement in maternal services utilization than those who were married at a young age. Pregnant women who had primary education and earn more than a dollar per day were more likely to have positive attitudes towards male involvement than poor and uneducated pregnant women. The study recommends an interventional study to evaluate the influence attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control on male involvement in maternal services utilization.


Assuntos
Controle Comportamental/métodos , Papel de Gênero , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Tanzânia , Adulto Jovem
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